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Petrified Forest National Park - Wikipedia. Petrified Forest National Park. U. S. National Park. The Tepees. Named for: Petrified wood found in the park. Country. United States. State. Arizona. Counties.

Apache,Navajo. Location. Near Holbrook . Named for its large deposits of petrified wood, the fee area of the park covers about 2.

The park's headquarters is about 2. Holbrook along Interstate 4.

I- 4. 0), which parallels the BNSF Railway's Southern Transcon, the Puerco River, and historic U. S. Route 6. 6, all crossing the park roughly east–west. The site, the northern part of which extends into the Painted Desert, was declared a national monument in 1. The park received 6.

Typical visitor activities include sightseeing, photography, hiking, and backpacking. Averaging about 5,4. More than 4. 00 species of plants, dominated by grasses such as bunchgrass, blue grama, and sacaton, are found in the park. Fauna include larger animals such as pronghorns, coyotes, and bobcats, many smaller animals, such as deer mice, snakes, lizards, seven kinds of amphibians, and more than 2. About half of the park is designated wilderness. The Petrified Forest is known for its fossils, especially fallen trees that lived in the Late Triassic Period, about 2. The sediments containing the fossil logs are part of the widespread and colorful Chinle Formation, from which the Painted Desert gets its name.

Beginning about 6. Colorado Plateau, of which the park is part, was pushed upward by tectonic forces and exposed to increased erosion. All of the park's rock layers above the Chinle, except geologically recent ones found in parts of the park, have been removed by wind and water. In addition to petrified logs, fossils found in the park have included Late Triassic ferns, cycads, ginkgoes, and many other plants as well as fauna including giant reptiles called phytosaurs, large amphibians, and early dinosaurs. Paleontologists have been unearthing and studying the park's fossils since the early 2. The park's earliest human inhabitants arrived at least 8,0. By about 2,0. 00 years ago, they were growing corn in the area and shortly thereafter building pit houses in what would become the park.

Later inhabitants built above- ground dwellings called pueblos. Although a changing climate caused the last of the park's pueblos to be abandoned by about 1. CE, more than 6. 00 archeological sites, including petroglyphs, have been discovered in the park.

In the 1. 6th century, Spanish explorers visited the area, and by the mid- 1. U. S. Later, roads and a railway followed similar routes and gave rise to tourism and, before the park was protected, to large- scale removal of fossils. Theft of petrified wood remains a problem in the 2.

Geography. The park is about 3. Route 6. 6, the BNSF Railway, and the Puerco River bisect the park generally east–west along a similar route.

Adamana, a ghost town, is about 1 mile (1. BNSF tracks. Holbrook, about 2.

I- 4. 0, is the nearest city. Route 1. 80 on the south. Historic Highway 1. Like Route 6. 6, it has deteriorated and is closed. Many unpaved maintenance roads, closed to the public, intersect Park Road at various points. State- owned land, federal land controlled by the Bureau of Land Management, and private land, much of it used for cattle ranching, adjoin the other borders.

The park’s elevation above sea level varies from a low of 5,3. Puerco River to a high of 6,2.

Pilot Rock; the average elevation is about 5,4. The terrain varies from gentle hills and major petrified wood deposits in the south to eroded badlands in the north. Most of the park's intermittent streams—including Lithodendron Wash, Dead Wash, Ninemile Wash, and Dry Wash—empty into the Puerco River. In the southern part of the park, Cottonwood Wash and Jim Camp Wash flow into the Little Colorado River. During this period, the region that is now the park was near the equator on the southwestern edge of the supercontinent Pangaea, and its climate was humid and sub- tropical.

Streams flowing across the plain from the highlands deposited inorganic sediment and organic matter, including trees as well as other plants and animals that had entered or fallen into the water. Although most organic matter decays rapidly or is eaten by other organisms, some is buried so quickly that it remains intact and may become fossilized. Within the park, the sediments containing the fossil logs for which the park is named are part of the Chinle Formation. It consists of a variety of sedimentary rocks including beds of soft, fine- grained mudstone, siltstone, and claystone—much of which is bentonite—as well as harder sandstone and conglomerate, and limestone. Its bentonite clay, which swells when wet and shrinks while drying, causes surface movement and cracking that discourages plant growth. Lack of plant cover makes the Chinle especially susceptible to weathering. The Bidahochi Formation, laid down only 8 to 4 million years ago, rests directly atop the Chinle, and rocks laid down in the Jurassic, Cretaceous, and much of the Tertiary are absent.

The older (lower) layers of the formation consist of fluvial and lacustrine (lake- related) deposits of silt, sand, and clay. The younger (upper) Bidahochi contains ash and lava from volcanoes that erupted nearby and as far away as southwestern Nevada.

Exposed by erosion of the Bidahochi are volcanic landforms called maars (flat- bottomed, roughly circular volcanic craters of explosive origin). A maar vent can be seen from the Pintado Point lookout. Buy Clash (2017) Movie. Older dunes range in age from 5. Lithodendron Wash.

Stabilized by grasses and other vegetation, young dunes of about 1,0. Groundwater dissolved silica (silicon dioxide) from the ash and carried it into the logs, where it formed quartz crystals that gradually replaced the organic matter. Traces of iron oxide and other substances combined with the silica to create varied colors in the petrified wood. However, a small fraction of the logs and most of the park’s petrified animal bones have cells and other spaces that are mineral- filled but still retain much of their original organic structure. With these permineralized fossils, it is possible to study the cellular make- up of the original organisms with the aid of a microscope. Other organic matter—typically leaves, seeds, cones, pollen grains, spores, small stems, and fish, insect, and animal remains—have been preserved in the park as compression fossils, flattened by the weight of the sediments above until only a thin film remains in the rock. At least nine species of fossil trees from the park have been identified; all are extinct.

The park has many other kinds of fossils besides trees. The Chinle, considered one of the richest Late Triassic fossil- plant deposits in the world, contains more than 2. Plant groups represented in the park include lycopods, ferns, cycads, conifers, ginkgoes, as well as unclassified forms. Sci Fi Movies Dvd Mubarakan (2017).

August is generally the wettest month. The average relative humidity of the area is well below 5. Evidence suggests that the earliest inhabitants of the park arrived at least 8,0.

Two Folsom- type spear points, the earliest artifacts of Paleo- Indians found in the park, are at least that old. Between 6. 00. 0 BCE and 1 CE, the Archaic–Early Basketmaker Era, nomadic groups established seasonal camps in the Petrified Forest from which they hunted small game such as rabbits, pronghorn antelope, and deer and harvested seeds from Indian ricegrass and other wild plants.

Around 1. 50 BCE, they began to grow corn in the area. By 1 CE, as their farming techniques improved, some built houses in the Petrified Forest and began to stay there year- round. The early farmers from the Early Basketmaker II Era, lived in the Petrified Forest from about 1 CE to about 8. CE. They occupied pit houses at fewer than 1.

As climatic conditions worsened for farming between 7. CE, the settlements changed with the Pueblo I Era.